Touat

Tuat
oasis (en) Fassara da landscape (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Bangare na Sahara
Ƙasa Aljeriya
Wuri
 27°20′00″N 0°13′00″W / 27.3333°N 0.2167°W / 27.3333; -0.2167

Tuat, ko kuma Touat, yanki ne na hamada a tsakiyar Algeria wanda ke ƙunshe da ɗimbin ɗimbin ƙanana. A da, ƙauyukan suna da mahimmanci ga ayarin motocin da ke ketare sahara.[1]

Yanayin wuri

Tuat ya ta'allaka ne a kudu na Grand Erg Occidental, zuwa gabas na Erg Chech  da kudu maso yamma na Plateau Tademaït.Ya ƙunshi ɗimbin ƴan ƴan tsaunuka waɗanda aka fito a gefen gabas na Wadi Messaoud, ci gaban Wadi Saoura.Tazarar ta yi nisan kilomita 160 daga gundumar Bouda a arewa zuwa Reggane a kudu.Garin mafi girma a yankin shine Adrar, kilomita 20 kudu maso gabas da Bouda. Faransawa ne suka kafa Adrar bayan mamayarsu a 1900 kuma tana da yawan jama'a 43,903 a 2002.[2] Wadanda ke da alaƙa da kowane yanki akwai ƙananan ƙauyuka masu bango da ake kira ksour (ksar ko gsar ɗaya). Akwai kuma wasu garu (kasbah), mafi yawansu an bar su[3] Kusan babu ruwan sama a yankin kuma aikin noma ya dogara ne da ruwan karkashin kasa daga wani katafaren magudanar ruwa a cikin nahiyar Turai ,wani babban dutsen yashi da aka ajiye tsakanin lokacin Moscovian da Cenomaniya  wanda ya wuce 600,000 km2, yanki wanda ya haɗa da sassan Aljeriya,yankin da ya hada da wasu sassa na Aljeriya, Libya da Tunisia. Yana samar da zurfin zurfin magudanan ruwa guda biyu na Tsarin Aquifer Aquifer System (NWSAS).[4]Tuat yana kan iyakar kudu maso yamma na Continental Intercalary inda magudanar ruwa ke da nisan mita 2-6 kawai a kasa.[4],Oases ɗin sun ƙunshi dabino 700,000-800,000 (Phoenix dactylifera) a cikin yanki mai girman hekta 4,500.[5]Tsarin dabino ana ban ruwa ta hanyar foggaras,Tsarukan kama nauyi na gargajiya wanda ya ƙunshi rami da aka gina tare da lallausan hawan tudu daga ƙasan ƙasa kusa da wadi zuwa cikin magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa mafi kusa kusa.

Tarihi

Saad ya ce mai yiwuwa ne Malinke na daular Mali suka kafa Tuat, bisa ga bayanai daga masu gargajiya na Timbuktu da kuma cewa Tuat a ko da yaushe yana da mazauna da ke wakiltarsa ​​a Timbuktu.[6] Tuat ɗin Tuat na da mahimmanci a cikin kasuwancin trans-Sahara saboda wurin da suke a arewacin ƙarshen hanyar Taezrouft. Reggane yana da nisan kilomita 1150 a arewa da garin Gao da kuma irin wannan tazara daga Timbuktu.Ayarin da suka fito daga Sudan za su ci gaba zuwa arewa zuwa garuruwa kamar Sijilmasa ko Tlemcen.

Fatimidawa za su mamaye shi a shekara ta 958 lokacin da aka kama Sijilmasa, wanda zai kafa ksar mai suna "Tin Ziri", wanda daga nan za a mika shi zuwa Zirid bayan Fatimidawa sun koma babban birnin Alkahira. Kare ksar ya yi wuya Zirids, galibi saboda nisa. Magrawa za su halaka ksar[7]

Zamanin farko na zamani

Bayan balaguron balaguron da kabilun Tafilalt suka yi a yankin Tuat a shekara ta 1578, jiga-jigan yankin sun yi kira ga yankin Beylerbey na Algiers ya shiga tsakani. Tuat-Gourara ya yi kira ga Beylerbey na Algiers tun lokacin da gwamnatin Algiers ta mamaye Tlemcen[8] Yunkurin da Ottoman ya yi na samun iko da Tuat ya ci tura a shekara ta 1578, da Turkawa Algiers, da 1582, ta Turkawa na Tripoli.[9] [10] A wani lokaci tsakanin shekara ta 1583 zuwa 1588 dakarun Saadi Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur dan kasar Morocco sun kwace iko da Tuat da yankunan Gourara.[11]

Marigayin zamani

A cikin 1800, al'ummar Tuat sun amince da biyan haraji lokacin da Moulay Slimane ya ba su 'yancin cin gashin kai na gida, sun gwammace su ba da amanar gudanar da yankinsu ga majalisar fitattun fitattu.[12] [13] Kafin shekarar 1830, al'ummar Tuat sun ba da girmamawa ga Dey na Algiers, amma sun tsaya a lokacin yakin Aljeriya.[14]

Kafin 1890, yankin Saharan wani yanki ne na abin da ake kira bled es-siba, yankunan da ake kira Moroccan amma ba su mika wuya ga gwamnatin tsakiya ba.[15] Sultan Moulay Hassan ya yanke shawarar maido da tsohuwar gwamnatin Moroko a Gourara-Tuat-Tidikelt. Wakilan Morocco na farko sun isa yankin Saharar a cikin 1889 da 1890.

Manazarta

Preview of references

  1. ↑ "Répartition des sièges des assemblées populaires communales: 01 — Wilaya d'Adrar" (PDF), Journal Officiel de la République Algérienne (in French), 47, 2002, archived
  2. ↑ "Répartition des sièges des assemblées populaires communales: 01 — Wilaya d'Adrar" (PDF), Journal Officiel de la République Algérienne (in French), 47, 2002, archived
  3. ↑ Dubost & Moguedet 1998.
  4. ↑ Sokona & Diallo 2008
  5. ↑ Dubost & Moguedet 1998.
  6. ↑ Saad, Elias N. (1983). Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-521-24603-2.
  7. ↑ Bellil, Rachid (1999). Les oasis du Gourara, Sahara algérien: Fondation des ksour. II (in French). Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-429-0924-3.
  8. ↑ Bellil, Rachid (August 2001). Les oasis du Gourara Sahara algérien Fondation des ksour (in French). Isd. pp. 17, 106, 124. ISBN 9789042909243. Archived from the original on 2024-05-21. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  9. ↑ Martin, Alfred Georges Paul (1908). Les oasis Sahariennes (Gourara - Touat - Tidikelt) (in French). L'Imprimerie Algérienne. p. 187. Archived from the original on 2023-11-14. Retrieved 2023-08-31
  10. ↑ Loimeier, Roman (2013-06-05). Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology. Indiana University Press. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0-253-00797-1. Archived from the original on 2023-11-14. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
  11. ↑ Bellil, Rachid (August 2001). Les oasis du Gourara Sahara algérien Fondation des ksour (in French). Isd. pp. 17, 106, 124. ISBN 9789042909243. Archived from the original on 2024-05-21. Retrieved 2023-03-20
  12. ↑ Trout, Frank E. (1969). Morocco's Saharan Frontiers. Librairie Droz. pp. 24–31. ISBN 978-2-600-04495-0.
  13. ↑ Mansour, Mohamed El (1990). Morocco in the Reign of Mawlay Sulayman. Middle East & North African Studies Press. ISBN 978-0-906559-32-1. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
  14. ↑ Société bourguignonne de géographie et d'histoire (1896). Mémoires de la Société bourguignonne de géographie et d'histoire (in French). Impr. Darantiere (Dijon). p. 91. Archived from the original on 2023-05-14. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  15. ↑ Trout, Frank E. (1969). Morocco's Saharan Frontiers. Librairie Droz. pp. 24–31. ISBN 978-2-600-04495-0