Kra

 

Asụsụ Kra ( /k r ɑː / KRAH ; nke a makwaara dị ka asụsụ Geyang ma ọ bụ Kadai ) bụ ngalaba nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Kra–Dai a na-asụ na ndịda China ( Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan ) na n'ebe ugwu Vietnam ( Hà Giang Province ).

Aha

Aha Kra sitere na okwu *kra C "mmadụ" dị ka Ostapirat rụgharịrị (2000), nke pụtara n'asụsụ Kra dị iche iche dị ka kra, ka, fa or ha . Benedict (1942) ji okwu Kadai mee ihe maka asụsụ Kra na Hlai agbakọtara ọnụ na okwu Kra-Dai bụ nke Ostapirat (2000) tụpụtara.

Ebu ụzọ mata alaka Kra dị ka otu asụsụ jikọtara ọnụ site na Liang (1990), onye kpọrọ ya asụsụ Geyang仡央. Geyang仡央 bụ portmanteau nke mkpụrụokwu mbụ nke Ge - na Gelao na syllable ikpeazụ nke - yang na Buyang . Ostapirat (2000) chepụtara aha Kra na bụ okwu ndị ọkà mmụta na-abụghị China na-ejikarị, ebe Geyang bụ aha a na-eji ugbu a na China .

Ihe ọ pụtara

Ọtụtụ asụsụ Kra-Dai nwere ụyọkọ consonant pụrụ iche na mpaghara na okwu sesquisyllabic ma ọ bụ disyllabic, ebe asụsụ Kra–Dai ndị ọzọ na-enwekarị naanị otu nkeji okwu. Sagart (2004) ejirila dissyllables dị na Buyang kwadoro echiche na asụsụ Kra-Dai bụ otu n'ime ezinụlọ Austronesia . N'adịghị ka asụsụ Tai na Kam-Sui, ọtụtụ asụsụ Kra, gụnyere Gelao na Buyang, echekwala usoro ọnụọgụ proto-Kra-Dai. Naanị ngalaba Kra-Dai ọzọ na-echekwa nke a bụ Hlai . Ọtụtụ asụsụ Kra–Dai ndị ọzọ nakweere ọnụọgụgụ ndị China ihe karịrị 1000 afọ gara aga.

Dị ka Jerold A. Edmondson siri kwupụta, asụsụ Kra nwere okwu n'ịrụ ọrụ igwe, ọrụ aka na ọrụ ugbo na-akwadoghị n'asụsụ Kra–Dai ọzọ. Nke a na-egosi na ndị obodo Kra nwere ike mepụtala ma ọ bụ gbazite ọtụtụ ihe ọhụrụ teknụzụ na-adabereghị na ndị Tai na Kam-Sui.

Nrụgharị

Weera Ostapirat (2000) arụgharịrị asụsụ Proto-Kra a .

Nhazi

Myirịta gbasara mmụọ na-egosi na asụsụ Kra kacha nso na ngalaba Kam–Sui nke ezinụlọ. Enwere ihe dị ka asụsụ iri na abụọ nke Kra, dabere ka esi akọwapụta asụsụ na olumba. Gelao, nke nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ 8,000 na China sitere na agbụrụ dị ihe dị ka 500,000, ma mejupụtara ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị asụsụ anọ na-enweghị nghọta, gụnyere Telue (White Gelao), Hagei (Blue ma ọ bụ Green Gelao), Vandu (Red Gelao), A'ou (Red Gelao), na Gelao (Chile).

Ostapirat (2000)

Nhazi nke ime n'okpuru sitere na Weera Ostapirat (2000), onye kewara alaka Kra n'ime alaka Eastern na Western.Templeeti:CladeDịka Jerold Edmondson (2002) siri kwuo, Laha nwere oke nchekwa ịnọ na Western Kra, were ya ka ọ bụrụ ngalaba nke ya. Otú ọ dị, Edmondson (2011) mesịrị gbanwee ọnọdụ ya, na-atụle Laha ka ọ bụrụ njikọ chiri anya na Paha .

Ethnologue na-ezighi ezi gụnyere asụsụ Hlai Cun nke Hainan na Kra; Ostapirat ma ọ bụ Edmondson akwadoghị nke a.

Hsiu (2014)

Nhazi nke Hsiu (2014) nke asụsụ Kra, dabere na nyocha phylogenetic computational yana Edmondson's (2011) nke mbụ nyocha Kra, ka enyere n'okpuru ebe a, dịka ekwuru na Norquest (2021). [1]  

Substrata

Andrew Hsiu (2013, 2017) na-akọ na Hezhang Buyi, asụsụ dị iche iche, moribund Northern Tai nke ndị mmadụ ise na-asụ na Dazhai 大寨, Fuchu Township 辅处乡, Hezhang County赫章县, Guizhou, China, nwere Kra substra .

Maza, asụsụ Lolo–Burmese a na-asụ na Mengmei 孟梅, Mpaghara Funing, Yunnan, bụkwa ihe ama ama maka inwe substratum Qabiao (Hsiu 2014:68-69).

Dị ka Li Jinfang (1999) siri kwuo, ndị Yang Zhuang nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Guangxi nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-asụ Kra nke gbanwere na Zhuang .

Ọnụọgụ igwe mmadụ

Asụsụ Kra na-enwe mkpokọta ihe dịka puku iri abụọ na abụọ na-asụ. Na Vietnam, ndị Kra na-achị bụ ndị Cờ Lao, La Chí, La Ha na Pu Péo . Na China, naanị Gelao (Cờ Lao) nwere ọkwa gọọmentị. A na-ekewa ndị Kra ndị ọzọ dị ka Zhuang, Buyi, Yi, na Han .

"Ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ" maka asụsụ Kra gụnyere: n'ime China, ọtụtụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Guizhou, obodo ọkwa ọkwa nke Baise na ọdịda anyanwụ Guangxi, na Wenshan Zhuang na Miao Autonomous Prefecture na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Yunnan ; yana mpaghara ugwu Vietnam nke Hà Giang . Nkesa a na-aga n'akụkụ mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ-ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, na-etolite ihe Jerold A. Edmondson kpọrọ "ụzọ asụsụ."

Ọtụtụ asụsụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị na-asụ asụsụ Kra. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọtụtụ Buyang nwekwara ike ịsụ Zhuang .

  • Western
    • Lachi (拉基, La Chi) - 10,300 (7,863 na Vietnam na 1990; 2,500 na Maguan County, Yunnan, China na 1995)
    • Gelao (仡佬, Cờ Lao) - 7,900 (a na-asụ na Guizhou, Longlin dị iche iche nke obodo kwụụrụ onwe ya na Guangxi, na ugwu Vietnam)
    • Laha (拉哈, La Ha) - 1,400 (nke a ma ama na Vietnam; asụsụ Kra dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ukwuu)
  • Eastern
    • Ụyọkọ olumba Buyang布央 – 2,000
      • Paha巴哈 (a na-ewere asụsụ dị iche site n'aka Ostapirat; a na-asụ na Yangliancun 央连村, Diyu Township, Guangnan County广南县, Yunnan )
      • Langjia 郎架 (nke a na-ekwu na Langjia, Funing County, Yunnan n'akụkụ oke Guangxi )
      • Ecun 峨村 (nke a na-ekwu na Ecun, Funing County, Yunnan n'akụkụ oke Guangxi)
      • Yalang 雅郎 (Yalhong; a na-asụ na Rongtun 荣屯, Napo County, Guangxi)
    • Qabiao (Pubiao 普标, Pu Péo) - 700
    • En (Nùng Vên; a na-asụ na ugwu Vietnam) – 250

Ọnụọgụ

Numerals in the Kra Languages[2]
Language One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten
(Proto-Austronesian) *isa *duSa *telu *Sepat *lima *enem *pitu *walu *Siwa *sa-puluq
Proto-Kra *tʂəm C *sa A *tu A *pə A *r-ma A *x-nəm A *t-ru A *m-ru A *s-ɣwa B *pwlot D
Buyang, Baha tɕam45 θa322 tu322 pa322 m̥a33 nam31 ðu33 mu31 dʱa33 pʷat55
Buyang, Ecun pi53 θa24 tu24 pa24 ma44 nam24 tu44 ma0 ðu44 va55 put55
Buyang, Langjia am35 ɕa54 tu54 pa54 ma312 nam54 ðu312 ma0 ðu312 va11 put55
Buyang, Yerong ɔm55 θau53 taːi53 po53 mo43 naːm53 təu31 ɬəu43 vo55 pɔt55
En (Nung Ven) ʔam332 θa243 tu243 pa33 ma243 nəm243 ʔam332 tu243 me332 ru33 wa54 θət33
Qabiao tɕia33 ɕe53 tau53 pe53 ma33 ma33 nam35 ma33 tu53 ma33 ʐɯ33 ma33 ɕia31 pət31
Laha, Wet tɕɐm31 sa343 tu343 pɑ343 mɑ33 dɐm343 tʰo343 ma33 hu33 so33 wa24 pɤt23
Laha, Dry cạm6 śa5 tợw3 pa3 ha6 hôk4 cêt4 pet4 kạw6 śêp4
Lachi tɕa33 su11 te11 pu11 m̩11 ȵiã11 te24 ŋuɛ11 liu24 pɛ11
Gelao, Bigong sɿ55 təɯ33 səɯ31 təɯ33 tɔ31 pɔ31 mɔ31 nai31 tʰɔ31 ʑɔ31 ʑɔu31 hui13
Gelao, Moji tsɿ53 səu31 ta31 pu31 mlau31 tɕʰau31 xei31 xe31 kəu31 tsʰei53
Gelao, Puding se55 so55 tua55 pu45 mu53 naŋ53 ɕi33 vra53 su33 paɯ33
Gelao, Pudi sɪ55 səɯ42 tji42 pau42 mau31 mjaŋ31 te42 ɣe31 sau13 ɕye13
Gelao, Red tsə44 se33 tua44 pu44 maŋ44 ɬoŋ44 te44 wu35 ʂe35 la51 kwe44
Gelao, White tsɿ33 sɯn35 tau55 pu55 mlən35 tɕʰau55 hi55 ɕiau55 ku55 tɕʰiu33
Gelao, Sanchong ʂɿ43 ʂa45 tau45 pu45 mei21 ȵaŋ21 tʂau45 ʑau21 ʂo43 sɿ43 pie43
Gelao, Wanzi si33 su33 ta33 pu33 mpu44 nan33 ɕi24 vla44 səɯ24 pe24
Mulao tsɿ53 ɬu24 ta24 pʰu24 mu31 ȵe31 sau31 ɣau31 so24 ve53
Gelao, Heijiaoyan sɿ44 sɑ44 tuu44 pu44 - - - - - -
Gelao, Jianshan[3] ʐɤ42 sw42 tuɑ42 pu44 - - - - - -
Gelao, Banliwan[3] i53 ɑ53 ɑ53 muŋ53 ɑŋ44 - - - - - -
Gelao, Zunyi[3] 失 (shi) 沙 (sha) 刀 (dao) 波 (bo) 媒 (mei) 娘召 (niangshao) 召 (shao) 饶 (rao) 署 (shu) 失不 (shibu)
Gelao, Renhuai[3] 思 (shi) 沙 (sha) 刀 (dao) 波 (bo) 差 (cha) 良 (liang) - 绕 (rao) 素 (su) 死比 (sibi)

Ihe ndetu

mmụọ na-egosi na asụsụ Kra kacha nso na ngalaba Kam–Sui nke ezinụlọ. Enwere ihe dị ka asụsụ iri na abụọ nke Kra, dabere ka esi akọwapụta asụsụ na olumba. Gelao, nke nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ 8,000 na China sitere na agbụrụ dị ihe dị ka 500,000, ma mejupụtara ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị asụsụ anọ na-enweghị nghọta, gụnyere Telue (White Gelao), Hagei (Blue ma ọ bụ Green Gelao), Vandu (Red Gelao), A'ou (Red Gelao), na Gelao (Chile).

  1. ↑ Norquest (2021). "Classification of (Tai-)Kadai/Kra-Dai languages", The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. De Gruyter, 225–246. DOI:10.1515/9783110558142-013. ISBN 9783110558142. 
  2. ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2014-04-21. Retrieved on 2011-10-23.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Cite warning: <ref> tag with name Zunyizhi cannot be previewed because it is defined outside the current section or not defined at all.

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